A Sacred Red Line: The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement and the Imperative of Collective Deterrence
The security architecture of the Middle East has entered an acutely volatile and unprecedented phase following the latest Houthi aggression directed towards the holiest sanctuary of Islam. On 16 September 2026, coalition air defence systems successfully intercepted an armed unmanned aerial vehicle launched by the Iran-backed militia just prior to its entry into the…
The Makkah Joint Defence Agreement: The Rise of a New Islamic Security Bloc
The formalisation of a trilateral defence agreement between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Türkiye and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on 7 August 2026 marks a watershed moment in Middle Eastern and South Asian security architectures. Signed in Jeddah by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Prime…
