Somaliland and the Middle Eastern Divide
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The Horn of Africa has rapidly transitioned from a peripheral maritime flank into a primary battleground for Middle Eastern proxy competition. The core of this friction lies in a concerted attempt by specific actors to embed a structural divide within the region by weaponising Somaliland’s separatist ambitions. This strategy of fragmentation threatens to destabilise…
The Saudi-Pakistan Apex: The SMDA and Unprecedented Economic Integration
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The bilateral relationship between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has decisively transcended traditional diplomatic and financial boundaries. This evolution culminated in the historic signing of the Strategic Mutual Defence Agreement in late 2025 in Riyadh. By embedding unequivocal language that treats an act of aggression against one state…
